Does Living Near an Oil or Biofuel Refinery Increase Health Risks?
Oil and biofuel refineries release toxic pollutants into the air every day, exposing nearby residents to increased health risks. A recent analysis of 54 studies conducted in 15 regions worldwide between 1977 and 2024 reveals that populations living near these industrial sites are more vulnerable to several serious diseases.
Children and adults living near refineries face a higher risk of developing certain types of cancer, including leukemia, pancreatic cancer, and cancers of the mouth and larynx. Several studies also show an increase in cases of asthma, bronchitis, and chronic respiratory symptoms. For example, children living within one kilometer of a refinery in Italy are twice as likely to suffer from asthma compared to the national average. Heart problems, such as coronary artery disease and strokes, are also more common among residents of nearby areas.
The adverse health effects are more pronounced the closer people live to the refinery or the longer they reside there. A Canadian study even observed a decrease in hospitalizations for respiratory problems after a refinery closed, confirming the link between these facilities and local diseases. Pollutants emitted, such as sulfur dioxide, fine particles, and benzene, worsen bronchial inflammation and reduce lung function, particularly in children.
Biofuel refineries, often presented as a cleaner alternative, also emit harmful substances. An American study found that residents living within five kilometers of these sites had up to 264% higher risk of visiting the emergency room for respiratory problems. Disadvantaged populations, often living near these industrial zones, face stronger and cumulative exposure to these pollutants.
Researchers emphasize that study methods have improved, allowing for better risk assessment. However, most studies remain limited by imprecise exposure measurements or methodological biases. Further research is needed to understand the impact of refineries on reproductive health, neurological diseases, and the long-term effects of pollutant mixtures.
These findings highlight the urgency of strengthening regulations to protect neighboring communities by limiting emissions, establishing buffer zones, and involving residents in decisions regarding the establishment or modernization of these sites. The transition to cleaner energy must not repeat past mistakes by sacrificing the health of local populations.
Data and Sources
Official Study Source
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-026-00530-0
Title: Health Effects of Living Near Petroleum and Biofuel Refineries: A Systematic Evidence Map and Scoping Review
Journal: Current Environmental Health Reports
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Authors: Marinelle Villanueva; Qi Meng; Jenni A. Shearston; Rachel Morello-Frosch; Lara J. Cushing